Travel Vaccines and Advice for Kenya

• Typhoid – Typhoid fever, a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, spreads through contaminated food and water sources. Vaccination is recommended for travellers and those at risk, along with maintaining good hygiene and food safety.
• Cholera – Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, characterized by severe diarrhea and dehydration. The cholera vaccine, administered orally, provides protection against this infection. It’s recommended for travellers to areas with high cholera prevalence and during outbreaks.
• Hepatitis A – Hepatitis A is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus, typically spread through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms include fatigue, stomach pain, and jaundice. The hepatitis A vaccine provides effective prevention against the virus. It is administered in a series of shots, usually starting in childhood, and is recommended for travel to areas with high infection rates.
• Polio – A highly contagious disease, polio is transmitted through fecal-oral contact and can result in paralysis. The cornerstone of polio prevention is vaccination. Vaccination stimulates the immune system, providing immunity and aiding in the worldwide mission to eradicate polio.
• Yellow Fever – Yellow fever, transmitted through mosquito bites, can lead to serious illness. Prevention is key. The yellow fever vaccine is a must for travellers visiting at-risk regions. The vaccine provides lifetime protection.
• Rabies – Rabies is a lethal disease transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and vaccination is the key to prevention. Pre-exposure vaccination is advised for individuals at risk, and immediate post-exposure vaccination is crucial if one encounters a potentially rabid animal.
• Hepatitis B – Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus, transmitted through blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child during birth. It can become chronic, leading to liver failure or cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine, given as a series of injections, effectively prevents this infection.
• Meningitis – Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord due to viral or bacterial infections. The meningitis vaccine protects against infection that results from certain types of bacterial meningitis.
• Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) – Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral infections that can spread through close contact and respiratory droplets. Vaccination is the most effective way to halt their transmission. The MMR vaccine, given in two doses, strengthens immunity, reducing the chances of contracting and spreading these diseases.

Yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all regions except the following: Nairobi, North Eastern Province and Coast Province. If you are travelling from Kenya to another country, proof of yellow fever vaccination may be required for entry.

Antimalarials are recommended for travel to all areas under 2,500 metres. in elevation. Malaria in Kenya is resistant to chloroquine.

Safeguard against bug bites by following PHAC-recommended practices like donning long attire and using EPA-registered repellents like DEET or picaridin. Be mindful of bug activity times and bolster your sleeping space with nets and screens. In the event of bug bites, clean the area, resist itching, and use over-the-counter treatments to help with itching. Be sure to seek medical help for severe reactions.

Abroad, make wise food choices by familiarizing yourself with local cuisine and favoring established restaurants. Frequent handwashing is crucial, and it’s advisable to steer clear of street food, opting for thoroughly cooked options.

When ascending to high altitudes, beware of altitude sickness, which can cause headaches, nausea, and dizziness due to reduced oxygen levels. Preventive measures include gradual ascent, staying hydrated, and possibly using medications like acetazolamide. If symptoms appear, swift descent to lower elevations, rest, and medical evaluation are essential.

• African Tick-Bite Fever – Prevent African Tick-Bite Fever (ATBF) by wearing protective clothing, applying insect repellent, and regularly inspecting for ticks. For added defense, discuss options with healthcare experts before planning trips to endemic areas.
• Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever – Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, a severe viral illness, is primarily transmitted through ticks and can spread through contact with infected bodily fluids. Effective prevention strategies include tick bite prevention, strict infection control in healthcare settings, and ongoing research into the development of a vaccine to combat the disease’s transmission.
• Dengue – The PHAC describes dengue fever as a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, presenting symptoms such as rash and joint pain. Prevention strategies focus on reducing mosquito exposure and breeding grounds. Treatment is supportive, emphasizing the importance of mosquito bite prevention.
• Leishmaniasis – Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease carried by sand flies, poses a substantial health risk. Effective prevention includes protective measures like using insect repellents, wearing long clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during sand fly peak hours.
• Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever – Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever (MHF) spreads through contact with infected animals and individuals, necessitating stringent protective measures. Safe burial practices, healthcare infection control, and community education are pivotal in reducing MHF transmission risks.
• Rift Valley Fever – To prevent Rift Valley Fever, vaccination of livestock is crucial, along with controlling mosquito populations and ensuring safe animal handling practices. Public health education plays a vital role in raising awareness about RVF risks.
• Schistosomiasis – Schistosomiasis is a waterborne disease caused by parasitic worms. Prevention includes avoiding activities in contaminated water and using protective measures like clothing. Recognizing symptoms early, such as fever and abdominal pain, and seeking medical assistance promptly can lead to timely diagnosis and intervention, reducing health risks.