Typhoid fever is an old bacterial illness that still threatens global health. Many people in developed nations assume the disease disappeared long ago. Yet this belief is mistaken because the bacterium never vanished worldwide. Instead, the disease remains common in many developing nations today.

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The bacterium spreads through contaminated food or drinking water. Poor sanitation and unsafe water systems allow the infection to circulate widely. As a result, many regions still experience frequent outbreaks of the disease.

Researchers warn that typhoid fever is becoming more difficult to treat. A 2022 study published in The Lancet revealed troubling new trends. Scientists found that many S. Typhi strains are gaining resistance to antibiotics. This discovery raises concern because antibiotics remain the only effective treatment.

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COVID-19 infection during pregnancy has raised concerns since the start of the pandemic. Earlier research showed that the virus could increase the risk of complications such as stillbirth, premature birth, and preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a dangerous blood pressure disorder that threatens both the pregnant person and the developing fetus.

A recent international study suggests that COVID-19 vaccination may help reduce this risk. Researchers found that coronavirus infection increased the likelihood of preeclampsia by about 45 percent among pregnant participants compared with those who were not infected. The increase was even greater among people who were unvaccinated when they became infected. In that group, the risk rose by roughly 78 percent.

Vaccination appeared to offer meaningful protection. Participants who received the primary COVID-19 vaccination and stayed up to date with booster doses had a 33 percent lower risk of developing preeclampsia. The protective effect was even stronger among those with existing health conditions. Pregnant participants with illnesses such as diabetes or heart disease who received a booster saw their risk fall by about 58 percent.

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Researchers have long studied ancient viruses by examining preserved DNA fragments. DNA survives relatively well in bones, teeth, and other remains. Because of this stability, scientists have discovered viral DNA that is tens of thousands of years old. Some DNA viruses identified in ancient human remains date back nearly 50,000 years. These discoveries help researchers trace how diseases evolved and spread through early human populations.

RNA viruses present a far greater challenge. RNA molecules are fragile and degrade quickly after death. In most cases, RNA dissolves within hours once cells begin to break down. This instability makes it extremely difficult for scientists to detect ancient RNA viruses. As a result, the evolutionary history of many RNA viruses has remained largely unknown.

A recent study, however, uncovered evidence of a much older RNA virus than previously confirmed. Researchers identified fragments of a rhinovirus, the virus responsible for many common colds. The virus infected a woman who lived roughly 250 years ago. This discovery represents the oldest RNA virus genome ever reconstructed from human remains.

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They say the eyes are windows to the soul. Science cannot prove that old saying true. Still, the eyes may reveal something unexpected: signs of Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia. Dementia affects memory, thinking, and social abilities. Doctors have long searched for earlier warning signs of the disease.

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In pulpy adventure stories, one hero often stays behind. “Save yourselves,” they cry. “I’ll hold them off.” They may not survive. But if they fall, the enemy falls with them.

New research suggests certain immune cells in the brain behave in a strikingly similar way. When Toxoplasma gondii infects T cells, those cells can destroy themselves. In doing so, they eliminate the parasite hiding inside them.

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The idea of a vaccine that shields against almost any infectious disease sounds mythical. Yet researchers at Stanford Medicine recently unveiled what they call a universal vaccine. This nasal spray could protect against COVID-19, influenza, bacterial infections, and allergies.

The spray primes immune cells in the lungs for future threats. In mice, it sharply reduced viral load. It also prevented severe symptoms and blocked allergic reactions.

Researchers tested it against coronaviruses, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The latter two bacteria commonly spread in hospital settings. The vaccine also stopped allergic reactions to dust mites.

Human trials will determine whether these results translate. If successful, one nasal spray could replace several yearly shots.

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The COVID-19 pandemic showed disease response variability. Many infections remained mild and short-lived. Other cases progressed into severe and life-threatening illness. These contrasts pushed scientists to investigate underlying causes.

Virus severity often differs from person to person. One infection may cause mild symptoms but hospitalize another. COVID-19, colds, and flu all show this pattern. Many visible and hidden factors drive these different outcomes.

Recent research explored hidden molecular patterns inside immune cells. Scientists studied gene molecules that guide immune responses. They found genetics and life experience shape immunity. These unseen traits influence how the body fights viruses.

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Vaccine hesitancy often grows from misleading or conspiratorial claims. Yet, rare vaccine side effects can still occur. Previous research confirmed dangerous blood clots after some COVID-19 vaccinations. These clots appeared only after administration of adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines.

Scientists have now identified a likely cause of these symptoms, known as vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (VITT). Their study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Researchers from Australia, Canada, and Europe collaborated on the new COVID-19 vaccine findings.

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Wealthy medieval Christians often purchased graves near churches, which stood at the center of medieval cities. They were elevated, fortified, and central landmarks. These features made burial plots near churches desirable and costly.

Researchers wondered whether disease stigma changed burial access. They studied whether illness kept affluent people from prime graves. Scientists focused their data collection on medieval Denmark. There, close proximity to churches clearly signaled wealth and status. Surprisingly, the findings showed that wealth insulated some Christians from disease stigma. Their riches allowed them access to preferable burial sites regardless of their visible diseases.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is like a mutant monster straight out of a science-fiction movie. With each new attack, the creature generates new defenses, becoming harder to kill. Except rather than one giant monster, the creature takes the shape of billions of microbes.

AMR is one of the most pressing issues in global health today. The more antibiotics health professionals use to fight bacteria, the more bacteria resist them. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes AMR as an immediate threat. Recent data shows resistance increasing 5-15% year-over-year. Researchers estimate over 10 million deaths from AMR may occur each year by 2050.

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